Customer Satisfaction By Measuring Service Quality Tourism Essay

Consumer loyalty By Measuring Service Quality Tourism Essay Method of reasoning of the investigation: The estimation and the executives of administration quality are basic to the endurance and accomplishment of administration organizations (Legcevic, 2008). The inn segment is a huge portion of the administration business which offers types of assistance and lodging to a wide scope of clients. To ensure that an inn is fulfilling its clients needs, it is important to quantify administration quality occasionally to recognize territories needing improvement. There are a few procedures utilized for estimating administration quality, yet this exploration study will utilize one of the more mainstream models called the SERVQUAL model. This hypothesis was created by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry. They were early scientists learns about the idea of value (Jain and Gupta, 2004). The SERVQUAL model was made to quantify administration quality as saw by the client (Parasuraman et al., 1985). As per Shangri-La Hotels Annual Report of year 2008 and 2009, the inhabitance pace of the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok has declined constantly (Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2008, Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2009). The most probable reason for this issue is the political shakiness that hit Thailand as of late. Then again, it is conceivable that this decrease in the quantity of clients was an aftereffect of a decrease in administration quality. Despite the fact that the Shangri-La Hotel kept on underscoring client needs and offer great support to their clients, it is as yet pivotal to gauge administration quality to guarantee that the clients are happy with the lodgings administrations and responsiveness to client needs. The consequence of estimating administration quality likewise causes the board to see precisely what their clients anticipate from the inn and the level to which they are happy with their involvement with the inn. This estimation model capacities as an apparatus to advance corre spondence between the inn the board and their clients. This exploration was directed to watch client observations about lodging administrations by estimating administration quality utilizing the SERVQUAL model at the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok. The advantages of this exploration are not simply to comprehend the degree of consumer loyalty; however additionally, it can use as a rule to improve administration quality and advance client dedication. Title of task: A Study of Customer Satisfaction by Measuring Service Quality; A Case Study of Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok Proclamation of exploration issue: A nonstop decrease in the quantity of lodging clients in the course of recent months has directly affected the inns salary. The primary factor which is accepted to have caused this decrease was interior political insecurity in Thailand. With an end goal to change an emergency into circumstance, this is a suitable chance to watch client impression of administration quality so as to help inn the executives improve quality and set up their business for when the circumstance comes back to typical. Undertaking targets: The goals of this examination are as per the following: To gauge administration nature of Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok by utilizing SERVQUAL model, To comprehend the connection between consumer loyalty and administration quality, and To increase a more clear comprehension of client impression of administration quality from Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok so as to improve inn administration quality later on. Applied structure: Figure 1: Conceptual structure Dependability SERVQUAL Dimensions Responsiveness Consumer loyalty Affirmation Sympathy Physical assets Extent of the investigation: The extent of this exploration centers around estimation of administration quality at the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok by utilizing the SERVQUAL model which considers administration quality from the accompanying five measurements: an) unwavering quality, b) responsiveness, c) confirmation, d) compassion and e) substantial quality. The example populace would be an arbitrary example of 100 inn clients during the period from July to August, 2010. The study strategy would utilize the utilization of surveys. This examination centers around the connection between consumer loyalty and administration quality. Meanings of terms utilized in the investigation: SERVQUAL model: An instrument for estimating administration quality contained five measurements, for example, a) dependability, b) responsiveness, c) affirmation, d) compassion and e) substance. Parasuraman summarized that clients see administration quality by contrasting their desires and the genuine hierarchical presentation, and they assess administration quality in various measurements (Parasuraman et al., 1988). Administration Quality: An item or result of all the staff chiefs of the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok cooperating to fulfill their clients. At the end of the day, great assistance is a help that meets or surpasses client needs and desires (Wisniewski, 2001). Client Expectation: is forecast administration of client that lodging ought to be gives to them. Foresee administration straightforwardly impact consumer loyalty assessment (Zeithaml et al., 1993) Client Perception: An inclination or sense controlled by the client which is gotten from their encounters at the inn. Consumer loyalty: The level to which a client sees that their desires were met in the exchange with the inn (Hallowell, 1996). Suppositions: A client who gets a significant level of administration quality from the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok is bound to be happy with the general degree of administration at the inn. Confinements: Size of test: The political vulnerability in Thailand during the previous a while brought about a reduction in the quantity of sightseers all over Bangkok. Moreover, the inhabitance level at the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok has been smothered because of a decrease in room accessibility for inward remodels. The predetermined number of lodging clients may restrict the example size, prompting test blunder. Time period of information assortment: The time span is a significant issue for this exploration on the grounds that the examination time table is very short, particularly thinking about that this season is the low season for the travel industry in Thailand. Since the visitor numbers are a lot of lower than during high season, it could be troublesome or difficult to arrive at the proper example size. Human morals contemplations: This exploration is being led for instructive purposes to find out about consumer loyalty at the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok. Hence, the lodgings the executives is permitting scientists to gather information from their clients. Along these lines, the analysts ought not drive the clients to finish the poll on the off chance that they are reluctant. The poll is being planned with the goal that it doesn't contain touchy things which would cause clients to feel awkward. Commonsense importance: Estimating administration quality is more troublesome than estimating the nature of fabricated products in light of the fact that the idea of administrations is elusive (Bergman and Klefsjo, 1994). The SERVQUAL model is a productive instrument to assist measure with adjusting quality and explain consumer loyalty. The consequence of this exploration would be valuable for the Shangri-La Hotels the executives and staff individuals so they can more readily comprehend their clients level of fulfillment with observations about the inns administrations. It will help lodging the board in their endeavors to keep up and improve inn administration quality. Also, different hoteliers and associations inside the administration ventures segment could adjust this exploration to use as reason for concentrates into their own associations. Foundation data: Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts is an entrenched Asian inn network in significant urban communities all through Asia, Oceania and The Middle East. The central station is situated in Hong Kong. Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok is one property of numerous properties of Shangri-La Company, situated in the Silom area, has an aggregate of 799 rooms including adjusted lofts and different offices, for example, cafés, meeting rooms, spa, pool and tennis courts (Shangri-La Hotel, 2010). Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok is situated in a helpful spot close to the Chao Phraya River which is the principle waterway of Thailand, and is just thirty minutes from Suvarnabhumi Airport and 10 minutes from focal business by BTS Skytrain. Therefore, this inn can draw in various travelers. Besides, Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok is associated with Sathorn Pier, so sightseers can take open vessels or long tail pontoons to venture out to and visit a few sorts of vacation spots effectively, for example, the Temple of Dawn, the Grand Palace, the Flower Market and Khaosan Road. There is a high decent variety of the travel industry enterprises which advance the economy in this area and along this waterway. Be that as it may, as of late, the Thai economy has encountered trouble for an assortment of reasons. Figures 1 and 2 look at the exhibition of Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts in the period from 2007 to 2008 with the period from 2008 to 2009. Table 1: The Shangri-La Hotel Weighted Average Room Yield 2007-2008 Source: Shangri-La Asia Limited (2008) Table 2: The Shangri-La Hotel Weighted Average Room Yields 2008-2009 Source: Shangri-La Asia Limited (2009) The figures above show that there was a critical decrease in the exhibition of Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts, Thailand in 2008 contrasted and 2007, and this decrease in execution proceeded into 2009 with a drop on normal room inhabitance. As per the 2008 Shangri-La Asia Limited Annual Report, inhabitance and RevPAR for Shangri-La Hotels diminished in 2008 by 15 and 10 rate focuses separately (Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2008). Also, the general weighted normal RevPAR for Shangri-La Hotel and Resorts Thai properties diminished a further 11 percent in 2009 (Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2009). The worldwide budgetary emergency, the broad redesigns at the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok and political vulnerability are refered to as the primary purposes behind this decay. Writing survey: There are a few bits of writing with respect to examines o

Organization's financial statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Association's budget summaries - Essay Example Thusly, the achievement of money related investigation process is relied upon the utilization of precise data, as consolidated in budget reports of every association. Because of its job in the improvement of successful hierarchical choices, the money related examination has been broadly investigated in the writing. Accentuation has been given to the various missions that monetary examination can accomplish, as a dynamic instrument. It appears that the requirement for wiping out dangers as to venture choices has been the key explanation behind the development of budgetary investigation process (Lee et al. 2009, p.2). Without a doubt, it has been demonstrated that monetary investigation is an astounding apparatus for checking whether the existent capital of a firm is sufficient for reacting to the requirements of a specific venture, either in the short or the long haul (Lee et al. 2009, p.2). From a comparative perspective Norman has contended that monetary investigation is very signif icant for limiting dangers identified with the potential cooperation of a firm in a stock trade advertise (Norman 2011). Maitah et al. (2012) allude to the utilization of budget summary investigation in banks as an apparatus for recognizing successful ‘investment and loaning decisions’ (Maitah 2012, p.107). ... ? Budget summaries generally significant in budgetary examination (Zager and Zager 2006, p.36) Through the fiscal summary of every association figures indicating the exhibition of the association to explicit segments can be recovered. For instance, reference could be made to Liabilities and Shareholders’ value, as components of a firm’s accounting report, one of the most significant fiscal summaries of current firms (Belkaoui 1998, p.2). The monetary examination procedure can assist administrators with checking the connection between their firms’ diverse fiscal summaries; along these lines, the real money related execution of the firm can be recognized. The device utilized for accomplishing this objective is the money related proportion examination. The above examination is created utilizing monetary proportions, for example figures demonstrating ‘the articulation of the connection between two budget summary accounts’ (Drake and Fabozzi 2012, p.102). The examination of these proportions assists with understanding the exhibition of a firm as to the segments reflected in these proportions. The most widely recognized budgetary proportions are introduced in Figure 2 underneath. Figure 2 †Most normal money related proportions (Zager and Zager 2006, p.38) At this point, the accompanying truth ought to be featured: Financial proportions reflect various parts of hierarchical execution. Different proportions allude to the security of the business, as of its money related quality, while others show the monetary proficiency of the association (Zuger and Zuger 2006). This reality is clarified through the diagram in Figure 3. Figure 3 †Financial proportions as a feature of the budgetary examination process (Zager and Zager 2006, p.39) According to the issues talked about above, money related investigation is important for making sure about the accomplishment of authoritative choices. The cozy connection between money related exami nation and

Questions for Your Next One-on-One Meeting

Questions for Your Next One-on-One Meeting One-on-ones might sound like a necessary evil of being a manager, but they actually are an important part of running a successful team. But simply organising meetings is not going to bring fame and fortune for your team. The key to successful meetings often lies in preparation and in asking the right questions.If you want to make the most of your one-on-ones, then here are some of the best questions you can ask at your next meeting. We’ve also outlined the most important elements of running a successful one-on-one and the things you need to avoid.Whether you are a manager or the employee, the below information can help you focus on the right things at your next meeting and to impress your team with your knowledge. © Shutterstock.com | Sergey NivensIn this article, you will learn about 1) the importance of one-on-ones, 2) the elements to make one-on-ones a success, 3) essential questions for one-on-one meetings, 4) things to avoid during one-on-ones, and 5) final thoughts.THE IMPORTANCE OF ONE-ON-ONESOne-on-ones are usually considered a bit of a waste of time and many, employees and managers alike, have bad experiences to share. But that is not because the basic concept of one-on-ones is somehow flawed, but rather because most managers don’t know how to build a successful one-on-one.These little meetings are at their best a team building exercise and something that can save the team from a lot of hassle later on. This is because the short meetings can help the team to solve and focus on these key things:Streamline performance â€" One-on-ones make it easier to correct performance. They guarantee you catch the minor errors in the work and the meetings allow correction of these errors before th e problems turn into bigger issues. They also make it easier to reward the employee, which in itself will help boost team morale.Ensures the team is on the same page â€"In a hectic work environment it is easy to lose sight of the big goal sometimes. One-on-ones make it easier to ensure people are always aware of the priorities and goals, guaranteeing the whole team is working towards the same goal.Builds relationships between the teamâ€"A good work team requires good relationships within the team. Building a relationship is much easier with regular contact with the team members. Successful meetings increase trust and can instantly make it easier to solve difficult situation.Working in a team requires much more than pure focus on the job at hand. As the work environment entails people, it is crucial to ensure each individual is appreciated and noticed. By investing in the wellbeing of the team members, as well as the efficiency of the project, managers make it more likely the employe e also wants to guarantee the company succeeds.THE ELEMENTS TO MAKE ONE-ON-ONES A SUCCESSSince one-on-ones are crucial for the success of the company, how can you guarantee you are doing them the right way? Firstly, understanding the importance of these meetings is already an important step to building a great one-on-one.Secondly, you want to focus on the elements that create a culture of good one-on-ones at the workplace. The below is a collection of these elements and they are a great guideline for any manager looking to add more meaning to one-on-ones.Prepare in advanceDon’t treat one-on-ones as a meeting that just happens. Although the conversation should be relaxed and open to new directions, it doesn’t mean you don’t need to prepare for it.You need to have a list of the most important things you’d like to go through and it’s a good idea to prepare feedback for the employee.Plan enough time for the one-on-one meetingThe meeting should ideally last at least 30 minutes. This ensures the conversation doesn’t feel rushed, but you also don’t want it to be longer than needed.Make sure you organise the one-on-ones when you have enough time at hand. If you or, indeed, the employee feel too stressed with other tasks, it might hinder the effectiveness of the meeting.Let your employee run the one-on-one meetingThe meeting should never be about the manager, but about the employee! Even though you need to prepare for the meeting, you need to ensure the meeting’s focus is on the employee.This highlights to the employee that you, as a manager, truly value their opinion and it ensures the employee also comes prepared for the meeting. So, always tell the employee you want them to run the meeting beforehand!Ask questions and listen to your employeeYou must listen to your employee â€" do not get into a meeting with pre-set mind. Be open to their ideas and ask questions about their experience. This helps you understand the person better and helps build a stro nger relationship.Keep the meetings regularOne-on-ones shouldn’t be an occasional meeting that mostly happens when things aren’t going well in the company. The more regular the meeting, the better the team’s work ethic will be.Hold your meetings regularly and don’t get into the habit of cancelling them! You don’t want the employees to feel the meetings aren’t important.Total dedication and presence during the meetingToday’s workplace can be quite hectic, but the dangers of multitasking are becoming more evident. When you are holding a one-on-one, make sure you dedicate all of your time and focus to the meeting. Don’t answer the phone or check your e-mails while you are at the meeting!Don’t forget notes or follow-throughsRemember to use the one-on-one as an opportunity to improve the company and the team spirit. Always take notes of what the employee is telling you to ensure you can check if the ideas are worth implementing.In addition, don’t forget to send an e-m ail or other such note about the meeting to your employee. This can be a compilation of the points discussed at the meeting and ideas for the next meeting.Make the employee the priority of the meetingAbove all, the employee needs to be the priority of the meeting. The one-on-one isn’t about your company or the goal at hand, it is about helping the employee to succeed. If your employee succeeds, your company will succeed.Finally, the below YouTube video is a great introduction to organising successful meetings. THE ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS FOR ONE-ON-ONE MEETINGNot all questions are alike and you don’t want to use the precious time for asking the wrong questions. If you want to make the most of the meeting, you need to know what are the key questions to ask.Since both managers and employees should be asking questions at the meeting, we’ve split this section in to two. You can find the best questions for both managers and employees.1) What should the manager be asking?The following a re some example questions a manager should be asking at one-on-ones:What would you like to focus on at this meeting?As mentioned above, you want the employee to lead the conversation and so it is a good idea to ask the above question. It helps to kick start the conversation and you can focus your own follow-up questions accordingly.How did last week go? What did you learn during last week?You want to ask about the employee’s workweek to make sure you see how well they are doing. Their answer can tell you a lot about the way they prepare for the work and point out any problems they might have.You also want your employees to be constantly improving their skills and asking about what new they have learned can help you streamline your management style as well to support their development.How are you preparing for the week ahead?As well as asking about what the employee has done, you also want to focus on the future. Ask about their plans and give tips if they seem lost.What has inspir ed and motivated you in the past week?Keep asking about the employee’s inspiration and motivation. This can help you ensure your employees feel motivated and rewarded.What are your biggest concerns at the moment? How would you solve them?Make sure you also focus on the problematic areas of the work or the specific project. You also want to find out what your employee would do to solve the situation.If you could change one thing, what would it be?This doesn’t necessarily even need to be about the workplace or the project. The answer can give you great insight into the employee’s personality and focus.What would you like me to help you with the most?With this question, you can make your employee feel more appreciated. It tells them you have not let them to their own devices and the question can help you ensure your team members stay motivated.Does the work you do meet your expectations? If not, why?Your employee had a reason to seek employment with your company and you want to m ake sure you know what drove them to the position. Continue to keep asking whether they are satisfied with the position and the career and how you can ensure they stay happy.How are you doing outside work?Naturally, you need to also ask about their personal life. Once you get to know the person more, you can ask more direct questions like “How are the kids?” and “What did you do with your partner during the weekend?” Just ensure you don’t sound intrusive and don’t push the employee to talk about things they don’t want.What should the employee be asking?But the manager shouldn’t be the only one asking questions. In order to make the most of the meetings, it’s crucial the employee also asks the tough questions.What are the key goals for you?By understanding your manager’s goals, you can better focus on the right aspects in your own work. It is important that you are both aware of each other’s goals and dreams in the workplace.How would you like me to improve my w ork?As well as giving your own insight into improving your work, you also want to know what your manager thinks. Your manager might be able to point out things to you that you wouldn’t necessarily pick up yourself.Do I continue to meet the company’s expectations?You were most likely picked as the preferred candidate from a group of other people seeking employment and you want to know what made the company hire you. Keep asking questions that tell you whether you are still meeting these expectations and what the company would want from you in the future.What can I be accountable for the next time we talk?You want your manager to provide you tasks and goals. Take the initiative to ask about these instead of just assuming to know what they are.How could I help the team this week?You also want to make sure to ask about your role and responsibilities within the bigger team. It’s a good idea to let your manager know you can help him or her deal with tricky situations and to help ens ure every member in the team is doing their job correctly.What challenge could I take to better my career?You should also be aware of the career path your manager has taken and ask his or her insight into how you can improve yours. Your manager might be able to help you find challenges that give your career more focus and perhaps even help you find a position that better suits your ambitions.How could you help me solve this problem?If you have a problem at work, instead of just blurting it out, ask your manager for insights. This will make the issue seem like an obstacle you want to overcome rather than just a whine about the situation.How are you doing?Finally, you should also be interested in your manager’s personal life. Don’t forget to ask about his or her personal activities and goals, as this makes you both feel more at ease together.THE THINGS TO AVOID DURING ONE-ON-ONEFinally, it is important to understand some of the most common pitfalls managers make when it comes to o rganising one-on-ones. Like with many things in life, it sometimes helps to be aware of the things you need to avoid, as well as the things you should be doing.The below points are common mistakes managers make in the meetings, so don’t be too harsh on yourself if you recognise yourself from the points. Just be sure the next meeting you organise won’t be filled with these mishaps.Treating it like an interviewOne-on-one meetings aren’t an interview but rather a conversation. Although you need to ask questions, especially the ones mentioned above, you shouldn’t just make it a question-answer-question kind of situation.Use the questions as a way to engage in a meaningful conversation and one where ideas are born and new thoughts come to life. Let the questions direct the conversation, but not be the sole purpose of it.Furthermore, you need to be careful to avoid following a similar pattern each week or repeatedly asking the same questions. While you need to know how the project is going along, don’t always ask, “So how’s the project going along?”Solely focusing on the businessBusiness here doesn’t just mean the company, but rather aspects of the professional life. Don’t make the meeting only about what is going on in terms of work life, but balance it with personal issues.It’s impossible to completely remove your personal life from your job and therefore you want to be aware of things the employee is going through outside of work. It doesn’t need to get into any detail, but you want to be aware of the personal aspect of the employee’s life as well.Using it as an ego boostThe meeting isn’t about the bragging rights within a team. You shouldn’t ever make it about you as a manager or the company. One-on-ones shouldn’t just be an ego boost for either the manager or the employee, but rather a meeting to discuss the positives and negatives of the project.Furthermore, while talking about your personal lives can help bridge the gap between the two of you and build your relationship further, make sure the conversation isn’t one-sided. Don’t make it all about your own weekend trips!Too rash follow-up judgementsAs mentioned above, you should always follow-up the points discussed at the meeting. But don’t be too quick with the follow-ups in terms of judgement. If you immediately give feedback on the ideas, you are more likely to say ‘no’ to them. On the other hand, you also don’t want to agree with an idea, no matter how good it sounds, without carefully thinking it through.Whether or not you agree with the idea, you need to make sure you justify your reasoning later on. Sometimes you could even continue the conversation at a next meeting, once both of you have brainstormed the idea further.FINAL THOUGHTSOne-on-ones can enhance the way the team operates and help the business flourish. But they are also a great way to learn more about yourself and the work you do. It is, therefore, important to pay attention t o what goes on in the meeting and learn from the feedback you give and receive.A good one-on-one question is always focused on improvement and enhancing your skillset. Don’t treat the meeting as an unavoidable aspect of your job, but rather as an opportunity to improve your own career and help your company to succeed.

The 9 Best Books About Marriage for Christians in 2019

How Do Neil Blomkamp District 9 And Clint Eastwood s...

How do Neil Blomkamp in District 9 and Clint Eastwood in Invictus use language and stylistic features in similar and differing ways to present the idea of apartheid? Introduction In Neil Blomkamp’s District 9 and Clint Eastwood’s Invictus, the idea of apartheid is expressed using many different point of views, language and stylistic features. They both use camera angles and techniques to highlight power structures and point of views in the films. Additionally, they both use Mis-on-scene and symbolism to highlight pinnacle perspectives, values and opinions of different characters and communities. Most importantly they both use social historical context to add layers to the film, District 9 itself being a film which shows how devastating†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, in Invictus the camera angles and Mis-on-scene allows the audience to further grasp the point of view of the white community, the same scene as earlier mentioned shows Nelson Mandela pass in a car. On one side of the road Black African children run to the broken wire fence cheering and shouting his name, on the opposite side of the road, we see the white South African chi ldren in matching rugby uniforms standing ridged behind a sturdy black fence looking concerned. The camera angle shows the white children looking down on the black children and passing car highlighting their sense of authority and privilege, it also helps to visually establish how segregated the racial community is early in the film. Similarly, in District 9 we can see that camera angles help to establish the dominance of the oppressors they treat the ‘prawns’ very roughly and despite being shorter than them, we see them towering over the aliens in some scenes. The differences of the white point of view in these two films are the severity of the racial discrimination and the point of view of the Apartheid from the white main characters. In District 9 large amounts of violence and threatening are used against the aliens, burning their homes, killing family, taking away food and lack of justice, in one scene we see Wilkus (the main character) joke about killing alien offs pring as

Feminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles

The feminist theory is always adapting to new cultural and always changing. What stems from the feminism theory is feminist literary criticism â€Å"feminist criticism examines the ways in which literature (and other cultural productions) reinforces or undermines the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women† (Critical Theory Today, 4 Feminist Criticism, pg. 79 Tyson, Louis). This theory shows us how patriarchal our society is and that’s how Susan Glaspell’s shows her work in her life time where women only had a few roles. They were to have house chores done, cook, and reproduce. Women in the early twentieth century felt it is time to stand up against patriarchal oppressions and which is why Glaspell’s work critiques the society we live in for restricting women. One of her most famous dramas, â€Å"Trifles†, Glaspell showed the females capability to stand up for one another. Gender issues play a role in everyday society, op pressing women economically, politically, socially, and psychologically. Glaspell tries to even explain through the title the feminism analyst as you read through her drama. As common as it is for a title of a story reflects the moral of the story, that’s what Gaspell did for â€Å"Trifles†. Trifles meaning very little value, or irrelevant becomes the moral of the playing displaying the women’s purpose and evidence was irrelevant and not important. The story tells how Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale who was only brought along with sheriff to retrieveShow MoreRelatedSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to womenRead MoreThe Bone Of Conflict For Criticism On Feminism2546 Words   |  11 PagesEstenes Professor Hayward English 151-DL1 5/13/17 The Trifles of Feminism Criticism Introduction The bone of conflict for criticism on feminism s activist hypothesis is focused on the treatment of ladies living in a patriarchal society. Feminism s activists brought up issues regarding why women were being constrained into a place of subordination, and their problems took a gander at with minimal significance. Susan Glaspell s story Trifles portrays the predicament of ladies and their subordinationRead More Gender Stereotypes in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Susan Glaspells Trifles 1836 Words   |  8 PagesGender Stereotypes in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Susan Glaspells Trifles In the plays A Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen, and Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the male characters propagate stereotypes and make assumptions concerning the female characters. These assumptions deal with the way in which the male characters see the female characters, on a purely stereotypical, gender-related level. The stereotypes and assumptions made in A Dolls House are manifest in the way Torvald Helmer treatsRead MoreDrama Essay Trifles2158 Words   |  9 PagesAngel Parrett Professor Muller English 106/ Drama Essay 15 May 2006 Drama Essay Trifles Trifles, Susan Glaspell’s play written in 1916, reveal concerns of women living in a male dominated society. Glaspell communicates the role that women were expected to play in late 19th century society and the harm that can come of it to women, as well as men. The feminist agenda of Trifles was made obvious, in order to portray the lives of all women who live oppressed under male domination. John andRead MoreGender Roles in the Play Trifles Essay3006 Words   |  13 Pagesdifferent viewpoints in which stem from feminist movements, comparing reality with media, and media’s influence on its audience. Gender roles have been present for decades, and the everlasting struggle for equality between men and women has been a never ending battle still to this day. Although there has been quite a lot of success for women dealing with equality, there was not always a perfect balance in the household for gender roles. It began in the 1950’s when women began to break free of the

Playwright Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Playwright Hamlet Essay Persons thoughts will differ from their actions, be it the fear of being the same or different from others, the consequences of their actions, or the opinions that others may form about them. People live their lives like drones, always conforming to the rules, afraid to brake away from the norm and do what they know or even feel to be the right thing to do simply because they might cause a ripple in the smooth little lake in which their boat is afloat. Within the Playwright Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet suffers from such dilemma. Hamlet refuses to act on what he knows to be accurate, always reassuring himself of his lack of action. Hamlet also acts in a manner which some may wish to call lunacy. This is due to the loss in which he has suffered, as well as he is just pretending to fool the people who he is plotting against. Hamlets father, King Hamlet, was the greatest king Denmark had ever seen. Respected and revered by all with the exception of his brother, Claudius. Claudius had envied his older brother since boyhood, the king living the life that Claudius had always wanted. A wife, a son, and a kingdom were all the holdings possessed by King Hamlet, holdings and possessions that Claudius would soon make his, by the killing of his brother. Though Hamlet feels that his mothers marriage to Claudius was to soon after the death of King Hamlet, he does not suspect Claudius killed king Hamlet until told of a sighting of a ghost by some guards while on watch. Hamlet tells Polonious that he will stand watch that night with them to see if they can see the ghost again. That night Hamlet stands watch with Polonious and the ghost appears before them. The ghost tells Hamlet that he is his father, and of how he was killed. Hamlet is told that while his father lay under the shade of a tree Claudius came to him and poured poison in his ear and caused his death instantaneously not allowing him time to repent of his sins, therefore condemning him to be trapped between the two paranormal worlds. The ghost then tells Hamlet to avenge his death. Though hamlet agrees to kill Claudius he does not kill him forthright. Hamlet hesitates and seems to invalidate every possible moment or opportunity that arises to take the life of Claudius. His reason for his hesitation is not known and one can only guess at what they may be. It could be that he doesnt believe the ghost. He could be afraid of hurting his mother by killing her second husband, or the fact that he is his uncle. What ever the reason is, he doses hesitate, and by doing so causes more pain and suffering for more people than if he would have killed Claudius forthright. The first example noted of such hesitation by Hamlet within the play if found within act three scene three where Hamlet contemplates the extermination of Claudius while he seems to be at prayer. Now might I do it pat, now hes praying. And (P70-71) Within this paragraph Hamlet will eventually state that he cannot kill Claudius due to the fact that to kill him at prayer would only send him to heaven and not eternally damn him to the bowels of hell. Hamlet thinks that if he killed Claudius while he was at prayer and he was sent to heaven that it would be unfair to his father who is eternally trapped between the present and the afterlife. That is at least the reason that is given by Hamlet directly from the text. .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 , .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .postImageUrl , .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 , .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545:hover , .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545:visited , .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545:active { border:0!important; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545:active , .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545 .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2bb0a540980b7c106ed5248184593545:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Photographer and Artist EssayThough by the reading the entire book you will see a patter of actions and lack of actions that seem to signify that he only acts insane so to disorientate the other people within the story. Yet knowing that his father was murdered, who murdered him, and what Hamlet was asked to do to seek vengeance he feels that he has to constantly reassure himself of his lack of action was right so that he doesnt feel like he is failing his father. Hamlet is mad and plotting and or struggling with the question of what to do about the revenge seeking that he has sworn to tend to for his deceased father. The loss of a father has exiled him into a non-existent state to where neither present world nor the futures that will come are ever realized by him. Instead he lives day to day not realizing his accomplishments from the previous day nor his goals for the next. Because of this Hamlet drags out the process of killing Claudius. Hamlet exists in a state of denial and anger. He holds his mother mainly at fault. Like when he is in her room and just killed Polonious and she says Alas hes mad (P 75). By this statement hamlet has achieved a subconscious goal, which he has been trying to reach since the death of his father. He has portrayed himself as insane in hope that his actions against the king in the near future will not seem uncommon coming from him. While in his mothers bedroom, Hamlet in a way, attributes his lack of action on the promise made to his father to the way that his mother has married such a god-awful retch of a man so soon after his fathers death. Comparing the two men together Hamlet cant understand the thoughts or feelings that his mother has claimed to have for Claudius. Look here upon this picture, and on this, the counterfeit presentment of two brothers. See what a grace was seated on this browthis was your husband. Here is your husband: like a mildewed ear ha have you eyes (P 74) Hamlet pass judgment on his mother disapproving of her conduct and how shes shown that she would rather bed a king who has kill her beloved husband than do what is morally right and remove herself from the throne, and letting Hamlet take his rightful seat on it. While hamlet is lecturing his mother on her faults the ghost appears in the outer part of the bedroom. Do not forget. This visitation is but to whet thy almost blunted purpose. But look amazement on thy mother sits. O, step between her and her frightened soul. Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works. Speak to her Hamlet. (P 75) Through this quote King Hamlet makes clear what the intentions of young Hamlet should have been and are to be. He is not to blame his mother for what she has done, in the re-marrying of a man so soon after her husbands death, instead he is to seek revenge on Claudius, killing him for his father. Claudius is abruptly informed that Hamlet acted strangely toward his mother. She tells him about Hamlet talking into thin air. She is completely convinced of his insanity when he asks her if she saw the ghost of his father (her true husband). This is when she runs to Claudius and tells him that she is worried about her sons mental health. Claudius is also saddened upon hearing about the death of his dear friend Polonius. He feels now that he must take passive action against Hamlets behavior. Claudius devises a plan to both see whats wrong with Hamlet and to recover the body of his dear deceased friend. .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 , .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .postImageUrl , .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 , .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41:hover , .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41:visited , .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41:active { border:0!important; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41:active , .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41 .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7aacc88e35840863dfbc6bf7c072fd41:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Five Turing Points Of Hamlet EssayHe calls upon Hamlets two closest friends. Their names are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. They discover Hamlet in the churchyard. They ask him what he is doing. He has just finished burying Polonius and he starts speaking to them. What have you done, my lord Hamlet replies, Compounded it with dust, whereto its kin. (P 81) Hamlet is aware of the fact that his two dearest friends were sent to betray him. He tells them that he is insulted and also tells them what he thinks of their actions. Take you me for a sponge, my lord. Hamlet replies, Ay, sir, that soaks up the kings countenance, his rewards, his authorities(P81). When Hamlet finally decides to take action, he notifies a man named Fortinbras. This man is the prince of Norway. He was to arrive with drums, colors, and all of his ambassadors to celebrate the rightful overtaking of the throne. The only catch is that even though Hamlet succeeds in exterminating Claudius, he ends up dying in the process. A few other characters (Gertrude and Laertes) also die in the duration of this fight. So Fortinbras becomes devastated and holds a dead march in memory of the deceased. It is obvious that Hamlet eventually acted upon his thoughts. This was a victory won, but with great loss sustained. Hamlet avenged his father, but lost his own life in the process. He was never one to conform to the rules. He was essentially a rebel for his time. Even a rebel can be a hero. This is proven in the writings of Shakespeare. Whether it is Romeo and Juliet or Hamlet, Shakespeare was truly an impeccable author. Loved and respected worldwide.

Book Review of “HARDBALL” by Christopher Matthews Essay Example

Book Review of â€Å"HARDBALL† by Christopher Matthews Essay Matthews, Christopher (1999). Hardball: how politics is played, told by one who knows the game (1st Touchstone ed. ed.). New York: Simon Schuster. Hardball was published in 1988 and was written by Chris Matthews. Chris Matthews himself has over 17 years of experience in the political world, having spent a lot of time in Washington in various capacities; as aide to Senator Frank E. Moss, presidential speech writer as well as chief spokesman for Tip O’Neill. This book encompasses his life’s experience in politics and outlines the darker side of this world. The title of the book Hardball in itself is quite significant as it actually communicates the core concept of the book. Chris Matthews has in a very interesting manner, depicted how to play the game of politics; not just politics but hard or dirty politics. Matthews aims to enlighten his reader on how to be politically successful by adopting the right strategies and techniques. Most of them may not be ethical but then, the world of politics does not run on ethics. Quite a few of the tactics that Matthews outlines, can in fact, be even used in general life. Some of the core concepts that Matthews outlines in his book include the importance of making the right friends to help you get ahead, to take favors in the right way, to keep your enemies in front of you, focus on getting ahead and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review of â€Å"HARDBALL† by Christopher Matthews specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review of â€Å"HARDBALL† by Christopher Matthews specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review of â€Å"HARDBALL† by Christopher Matthews specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A few of the tactics outlined are quite interesting for instance when he talks about keeping your enemies in front of you. He gives the example of President Reagan and how he appointed James Baker the White House Chief of Staff knowing that Baker was against Reagan and had teamed up with Gerald Ford and George Bush. But according to Matthews, the key to your success in politics is to keep your enemies in front of you. In his hardball style, Matthews also talks about how politicians play with the economy according to the political cycles. He writes in his book, â€Å"Did you ever notice that swings in the economy nearly correspond to the political calendar? Recessions usually occur in the first year after a president wins an election. Recoveries are timed to reach full vigor as the country is poised for a new political season. A president knows that he must complete his term on an economic upswing. If he is going to squeeze out the inflation and cut some benefit programs, hed better do it right up front so that the pain is forgotten by the next election.†(pp. 83-84) Matthews outlines similar concepts throughout his book. He talks about his theory of Spin which he states is â€Å"defining the events in the most self-serving way possible.† (p. 171). Although everyone does know politics is dirty, Matthews in his unique style and by using real life examples of how many politicians, over the years, have incorporated the tactics he talks about, has made it interesting to read. I would not say this book is boring at all. Some of the tactics may not be very respectful, but then politics never is. Matthews has simply tried to encapsulate his seventeen years of experience in the political world and has presented a realistic narration of how successful politicians are those who know how to play â€Å"Hardball!†

Chapter 6 Essay

Chapter 6 Essay Chapter 6 Essay Chapter 6 Project Team Building, Conflict, and Negotiation 06-01 Chapter 6 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, students will be able to: ï‚â€"Understand the steps involved in project team building. ï‚â€"Know the characteristics of effective project teams and why teams fail. ï‚â€"Know the stages in the development of groups. ï‚â€"Describe how to achieve cross-functional cooperation in teams. Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-02 Chapter 6 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, students will be able to: ï‚â€"See the advantages and challenges of project teams. ï‚â€"Understand the nature of conflict and evaluate response method. ï‚â€"Understand the importance of negotiation skills in project management. Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-03 FIGURE 6.3 Basic Steps in Assembling a Project Team Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-04 Effective Project Teams ï  ¶Clear Sense of Mission ï  ¶Productive Interdependency ï  ¶Cohesiveness ï  ¶Trust ï  ¶Enthusiasm ï  ¶Results Orientation Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-05 Reasons Why Teams Fail ï‚â€"Poorly developed or unclear goals ï‚â€"Poorly defined project team roles & interdependencies ï‚â€"Lack of project team motivation ï‚â€"Poor communication ï‚â€"Poor leadership ï‚â€"Turnover among project team members ï‚â€"Dysfunctional behavior Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-06 Stages in Group Development 1. Forming – members become acquainted 2. Storming – conflict begins 3. Norming – members reach agreement 4. Performing – members work together 5. Adjourning – group disbands Punctuated Equilibrium is a different model Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-07 Team Development Stages Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall FIGURE 6.4 06-08 Model of Punctuated Equilibrium FIGURE 6.5 Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-10 Achieving Cross-Functional Cooperation Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall FIGURE 6.6 06-11 Building High-Performing Teams Make the project team tangible ï‚â€"Publicity ï‚â€"Terminology & language Reward good behavior ï‚â€"Flexibility ï‚â€"Creativity ï‚â€"Pragmatism Develop a personal touch ï‚â€"Lead by example ï‚â€"Positive feedback for good performance ï‚â€"Accessibility & consistency Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-12 Virtual Project Teams use electronic media to link members of a geographically dispersed project team How Can Virtual Teams Be Improved? ïÆ' ¼Use face-to-face communication when possible ïÆ' ¼Don’t let team members disappear ïÆ' ¼Establish a code of conduct ïÆ' ¼Keep everyone in the communication loop ïÆ' ¼Create a process for addressing conflict Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 06-13 Conflict Management Conflict is a process that begins when you perceive that someone has frustrated or is about to frustrate a major concern of yours. Categories Views Goal-oriented Administrative Interpersonal Copyright  © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Traditional Behavioral Interactionis t

TUI AG's Restructuring and Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TUI AG's Restructuring and Expansion - Essay Example Product-market diversification refers to the strategy where the company simultaneously seeks to expand both into new products and new markets. New product expansion is manifested through activities such as the opening of the â€Å"World of TUI Travel Mall† in Berlin whereas new market expansion is characterized by the acquisitions and joint ventures done throughout the organizations growth. Vertical integration strategy involves TUI AG seeking to gain control of both inputs and outputs within the tourism industry’s supply chain. TUI does this through owning and operating companies in both the tourism destinations and source markets as well as the distribution channels, hotels and airlines (Sigala, 2008). Horizontal integration refers to when the company combines with competitors operating in the same industry and doing the same things for example in 1998 HTU took a minority stake in First Reiseburo Management GmbH & Co. KG., a competitor in Germany (Sigala, 2008). T UI’s operations enable its business strategies to be successful through a number of ways. Firstly, through operations the company is able to set and control quality levels uniformly across its integrated tourism supply chain. ... 2-What benefits does TUI AG achieve through its integrated tourism supply chain? Are there any disadvantages to this? The three major benefits to TUI AG of having an integrated tourism supply chain are: increased guarantee of product quality, better protection of proprietary technologies and processes, and lower transaction costs. By controlling both its inputs and outputs, TUI AG has a greater ability than a non-integrated tourism company to implement standard quality control systems as well as share best practices across all its products. Further, the organization can integrate operations across its supply chain to create a seamless experience for its customers. With regards to better protection of proprietary technologies and/or processes, TUI could have developed a more effective way of, say, minimizing the time it takes a customer to move from holiday planning to actually going for the holiday. If the company were to use an external service provider it may have to share some of its knowledge to make the experience seamless. On the other hand, by having all service providers within its supply chain, the company can keep the process secret or as a competitive advantage for a much longer period. Lower transaction costs are achieved in two ways. To begin with, TUI could standardize infrastructure and procedures across all its subsidiary companies which would make transactions cheaper and less time consuming across the supply chain. Secondly, by having an integrated supply chain TUI is guaranteed of retaining maximum value from the customers thus the margins set across the value chain are lower. This implies that the subsidiary companies across the value chain face lower costs than those faced by

Israel & US aid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Israel & US aid - Essay Example The United States policy aims at promoting trade and cooperation with other nations. However, the United States has gone through economic downturn while the Chinese communist government has been rising rapidly (China Times, 2011). China is the greatest creditor to the United States and is uncomfortable with a single country’s global reserve currency. China believes the US should cut spending on social security and military. According to People’s daily, Beijing was angered by the decision to downgrade the US debt by S & P. The Chinese stepped up criticism against the United States and complained of the scheme of worldwide currencies that has been subjugated by the US dollar. The primary reason is the desire for Beijing to protect its financial interests (McGrego, 2012). According to a Chinese official Xinhua, the mounting dept and opinionated battles with US have dented the illustration of US overseas. The Chinese officials asserted that the US must cease its addiction to debt and learn to live within its means (China Times, 2011). This shall ensure safety of the Chinese assets in dollars. According Jamil, Beijing is unhappy with the checks subjected to the Chinese investors in the United States. China accuses the united states of checking the political background of Chinese investors. One of the Chinese officials, Wang, criticized the united states of discrimination and overspending on military at the expense of the economy (UPI, 2012). The Chinese policy aims at protecting its international interest like increasing its military presence and military budget. The United States has been opposing increased military spending in China. China is exerting influence in places it never affected before. For decades, China did business with regimes like Iran and Sudan which were unfriendly to the United States (McGregor, 2012). Presently the Chinese are doing business with America’s closest allies. China surpassed the United States to become the

The Major Feminist Theoretical Perspective In Iran Sociology Essay

The Major Feminist Theoretical Perspective In Iran Sociology Essay Iranian women have fought for the equal rights throughout the 20th century. In this paper I intend to argue about feminism in the present urban communities in Iran. Iran is a vast country and discussing women situation in the rural areas makes this essay totally different. The womens movement in Iran has both expanded and transformed since the revolution. Before the revolution the liberation of women was connected to the process of secularisation. Under the Islamic Republic, however, women are increasingly making arguments for the expansion of their rights by pointing to protections under the constitution, while others are reinterpreting Shariah law. Some scholars have referred to the emergence of Islamic feminism, a term that highlights the difference of approaches that coexist within the womens movement in Iran. As a result, the terrain of womens rights is one of unprecedented cooperation among disparate groups on the one hand and severe ideological and political struggles on the o ther. In discussing these approaches in present urban areas of Iran, it is of vital importance to distinguish between three groups of women who I will talk about them. The first group is women who identify themselves as Secular feminists and are under the influence of women movement in western societies. The second group are women who try to reach equal rights for men and women but as they try to do so under the guidance of Islam and national identity, they make a distinction between themselves and western feminism which they believe will lead to corruption as there is now in the West. They can be named state feminists or Islamist feminists in Islamic Republic of Iran. Minoo Moallem writes about one of these women, Zahra Rahnavard who is one of the equal rights activists and the wife of opposition leader Mir Hossein Musavi in the recent demonstrations against government after the 2009 presidential election in Iran: Zahra Rahnavard charged the West with being a system where women are made into decorative objects. She calls upon her Muslim sisters to question what the sham civilizations have made of women, not to act like dolls, and not to display a debilitated will. She asks women to refuse to be part of the harems of the rulers and the communal harems of the streets. Her allusion to the collective appropriation of women in the streets and her rejection of unveiling have made it possible for her to think of contractual structure of the Muslim family and veiling as sites of womens agency. For Rahnavard, it is through unveiling and Westernization that Muslim women have been turned into objects to be possessed by all men in the public sphere. To resist capitalist rulers and challenge sexual objectification, she asks women to return to veiling and the Muslim family, where women are considered subjects rather than objects of the marriage contract. (2005; 185) The third group includes mostly secular educated women who are not familiar with the notions of western feminism but as a result of modernisation in Iran and under the influence of global mass Media are aware of women situation in other countries and try to simulate a modern life like the ideal type of a western woman for themselves. They have combined some traditional values of an Iranian woman and some modern values of a western woman. As Reza Ghasemi in his acclaimed novel, The Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra, describes Iranian women in their transition to modernity: The history of invention of Modern Iranian women is like the invention of car. The difference is that the car was first a carriage with changed content (They removed the horses and replaced the engine) and then slowly the appearance changed but the modern Iranian women first changed the appearance and then when they had been looking for appropriate content, they faced the trouble So everyone as to their personal tastes and their mental demands made a combination of traditional female with modern woman which can be stand in a range of a woman wearing Chador to miniskirt. This woman asks to share in all decisions, but asks all the responsibilities from manShe asks man to work equally in home but at the same time considers the man who works in home of poor character and weakness. (1996; 86) Considering the distinction between these groups, I will argue about feminism as a political movement to gain equality and to free women from oppression in Islamic republic of Iran and the role that each group plays in obtaining this goal. Liberal Feminism: Actually in todays Iran, liberal feminism is the only perspective that can hardly breathe under the pressure of the Islamic government. This feminism always has two aspects which are against the governments will in Islamic republic of Iran. Abdee Kalantari believes that in a political theology that divides the political sphere into good and evil and sees the west as enemy (evil), feminism as a modern western movement is a threat to the whole existence of this theology (2007). In other hand, fighting for the equal rights in law usually opposes Islamic rules which are not easy to face. Hence, women movement not only has to fight with the deep traditions of Islam in the society but also to protect itself against the fundamentalist government which obtains its legitimacy from these traditions. The Islamist ideology denies women individuality, autonomy and independence and this is inside this Ideology that the key objective of Iranians womens rights activists, both secular and Islamic, became the modernization of family law and womens equal rights in matters of marriage, divorce, and child custody. Other concerned issue is domestic violence, with many articles in the feminist press describing domestic violence as both a social problem and a violation of womens rights. A third concern was womens under-representation in formal politics and the need for greater participation in parliament, the local councils, and the highest political offices. These are the reforms that both Islamist and Secular activists are still fighting to reach them. The Islamist feminist do not seek to deny the rules of law and they insist on the preservation of Islam, family and marriage even when it comes in opposition of equal rights. Their aim is to suggest a more flexible interpretation of Islam rather than the one that the government presents. This group can be criticized in the same way that Zillah R. Eisensteins has criticized the liberalism because of feminizing the private sphere and the separation they make between public and private spheres. She argues that this separation could be the basis to liberalisms downfall. As it becomes clear that liberalism is incompatible with equal rights for women, feminism will search for alternative grounds to build its agenda. This gendered separation of spheres will lead liberalism to a lack of concern with the forms of oppression that take place in the private sphere(1981) and that is the same concern that secular feminist in have in Iran. In contrast, the secular feminists work through small-scale Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) and try to develop some analyses of womens collective interests and their oppression in private as well as public life. They have noticed the issues that have been argued in the history of feminism in the west. They write about equal rights as well as body, sexuality, power, homosexuality, violence, pornography and so forth. The problem is that they cannot publish their ideas and normally internet is the only media they can use to raise their voice to be heard. There are many feminist websites that represent this group and they keep working despite the filtering of the government. (e.g. http://www.irwomen.com, http://www.meydaan.com, http://www.feministschool.com ) .Hence, the middle class urban women are the most common audiences of these activists, since the other groups access to the internet is limited. This lack of audience urges this question that whether there is a feminist women m ovement in Iran? If there is, will it stand against Repression, censorship and attacks of the fundamentalist government and even the traditions of a religious based society? As Ahmadi argues that secular feminism faces two barriers in its way, first is the framework of an Islamic republic where fundamentalists hold absolute power over certain state institutions and the other is an inside force, a from within perspective which has been needed to alter the dominant fundamentalist discourse(2006). Hence, in obtaining liberal demands of women movement in Iran is of vital importance for secular feminism to keep its unity with the Islamist feminists, since as Ahmadi elaborates it is the group that not only can expand the domain of dialogue with clerical scholars, but also are able to overcome long-term hatred toward western feminism in Cultural context of Iran (2006) These activists could has been labelled as a group of urban middle class ladies who could not be regarded as speaking for all women in Iran until the August 27th of 2006, when they launched a campaign named One Million Signatures for the Repeal of Discriminatory Laws. The aim was to collect one million signatures in support of changing discriminatory laws against women in their country, but what made this effort important and even a danger for the government, though the organizers of the campaign considered that its demands conform to Islamic principles, was the way they used to collect these signatures. The concept is simple and revolutionary, melding education, consciousness-raising and peaceful protest. Starting last year, women armed with petitions began to go to wherever other women gathered: schools, hair salons, doctors offices and private homes. Every woman is asked to sign. But whatever a woman decides, she receives a leaflet explaining how Irans interpretation of Islamic la w denies women full rights. The material explains how Irans divorce law makes it easy for men, and incredibly difficult for women, to leave a marriage, and how custody laws give divorced fathers sole rights to children above the age of 7.  [i]   The One Million Signatures Campaign is a new and innovative movement because it has not taken shape around one progressive and famous central figure, rather it is a broad movement, where activists visit with other women, engage in face to face discussions with them, they go home to home, and explain to each woman about womens rights. Any signature is equal to conscious these activists tried to make for women from any background and any class. Their main goal is to create a dialogue among citizens and educate them about their rights and it makes women to become sensitive to their status under the law and in society. It seems that the Consciousness raising groups are the inspiring idea of this campaign. The Idea that women should gather in small groups and give accounts of their own lives and how they became a woman and then they will understand to which extent, they share similar problems with other women with different backgrounds and ages and these problems produce by social relatio ns and institutions. As Pilcher and Whelehan argue we can consider the main success of these groups in inspiring many women to turn to feminism (2004) and that is the same success that Iranian secular feminists try to reach. They hope to involve women, not all of whom were actively involved in feminism, but all caught up in the debates of the time and seized by the urge to fight for their equal rights in law and make the process of one womans coming out of false consciousness into enlightenment, possible. The campaign success in changing the laws is comparable with NOW, (National Organization for Women) founded by betty Friedan in 1966, as both expressed not as a self-conscious political theory, but as a common sense application of pre-existing values to womens situation. As Bryson argues NOWs campaigns gained some early legal victories changing laws and could amend the United States constitution to give women equal rights which very nearly succeeded, and it has been a major force in changing attitudes to women in education, employment and the media. Despite the criticisms that later feminists made about equal rights campaigns such as NOW for focusing narrowly on formal legal and political rights which ignores economic (2003), cultural and sexual exploitation and oppression of women, I think that such campaigns are the basic steps of opening debates about other forms of oppression in the traditional and religious society and fundamentalist government of Iran that will take a position against such debates in that level. Marxism Feminism vs. Post Feminism: Since Russia has been the most powerful neighbour of Iran in the contemporary history, this country has had a great influence on the history of Iran. That is why Marxism as an ideology has the greatest effect on the history of modern Iran after Islam. Before the Islamic revolution in 1979, Classical Marxists worked within the conceptual notions laid out by Marx, Engels, Lenin, and other nineteenth-century thinkers and dreamed of a society without classes as they believed that existed in USSR. These groups were an undeniable factor in the triumph of revolution, but due to vast suppressions and executions of the new Islamic government in 80s, these groups lost their power and prevalence within the society, but the Marxism discourse has still an inevitable impact on the Iranian intellectual prospect. The secular feminist as a part of Iranian intellectual discourse are not an exception. This group besides the equal rights movements has always tried to theorize the roots of patriarchy in Iran and Marxism feminism has been one of the most useful perspectives for them to do this work. Many of these theories regard classism and capitalism as a key factor which work parallel with patriarchy in womens oppression (Look at Afshar; 1983). This analysis suggests women to fight with all the displays of capitalism to free them from oppression. They criticize the new Iranian woman in her support of capitalism and the way that Iranian women present their bodies which is one of the most important areas they see as capitalism system uses to oppress woman. As Shahidi states a practical consequence of this approach to the woman question was the de-sexing of woman, clearly visible in the baggy clothes and absence of cosmetics among female activists. These women oppose the compulsory veil but believe that with or without a scarf, a woman-doll will remain the same (1994). In the contemporary history of Iran, the woman body has been the main indication of political change.  [ii]  It is an interesting point that the binary of mind/body which is traceable in western thought, present itself in Iran with the beginning of the project of modernization. Reza shah saw unveiling as one of the most important markers of Westernizing and the Islamic republic made veiling compulsory in order to make an anti-western society and in all these fundamental changes womens body has been the object of change. If the Reza shah project made many women to stay in home and even quit going to school  [iii]  the veiling did not make the modern Iranian woman who I recognized them as the third group of women who make efforts having equality with men, to leave the public sphere. They continued to work and study alongside men and they used their body especially their faces to object compulsory veiling which had tried to ignore their body. Young and older, the Iranian women d efy the Islamic hijab publicly, and confront the states Islamic body politics with a body politics of their own. The youth mock the Islamic hijab, deconstruct it, reform it, and make it succumb to their modern desires. They reveal their hair in public by pushing back their mandated headscarf, transforming it into a garment used for their beautification. Against all cultural mandates of the Islamic state, they reveal their body curves under their remodeled and modernized Islamic garb. They wear loud makeup, walk elegantly, and bring their sexuality to the public. They reject the control of their body by the state, and celebrate their womanhood by defying the Islamic hijab. Since eyes, nose and hands are the only features on show, eye make-up is applied with scientific precision and Tehran has become the nose-job capital of the world. Iranian women spend one million dollar in make-up industry every year  [iv]   Oppressing by the government and morality police, these women have been always criticised by a large group of secular feminists who believe that wearing make-up and presenting the sexual body are the representation of objectifying woman by capitalism. Ezzat Goushegir in his praise of Ariel Levys book; Female Chauvinist Pigs, writes in his personal weblog  [v]  that this is the same raunch culture in Iran that in the universal capitalist system, uses the ideas of feminism about equality and emerge women to appear as a face of capitalism in the society and by this way marginalizes the true demands of women movement. He considers Marxism as a perspective that challenges this objectification and Commodification  [vi]  . (2007) Marxist feminists believe that cosmetic surgeries and make-up industry are two effective instruments of capitalism which not only objectify women, but also make them to pay money for correcting their body image into the Ideal body of Capitalist society. They deny these things as Levy denies them to be liberating and rebellious. Levy argues that how women decide to give meaning to sex industry by producing the fake idea that presenting their sexuality would empower them (2006). I am not going to criticize this book and even I agree with Levy to some extent. The problem is that how Iranian feminists use the book and translate western feminists ideas to apply them on the totally different context. Levy in this book refer to sexist TV shows which distribute the illusion of liberation among women, shows that means the pornoization of culture for Levy (2006). It is the culture that benefits Capitalism, but how about Iran? As I mentioned the history of Iran is not the history of capitalism, it is the history of religious ideology. In Iran power is not within the bourgeois class but at least in contemporary Iran in the hands of clerics (Mullahs) who do not necessarily own economical capital. The most obvious reason for this claim is that the opposition in Iran never could blame the leaders of Islamic republic for having wealth. This is religious capital that structures the power in Iran and ironically this power agrees with secular feminists in the issue of objectification of women and two different thoughts leads to same consequences in the cultural context of Islamic Iran. If Levy talks about shows such as Girls Gone Wild in America, Iranian Women appearing in television programs will not be allowed to wear make-up because it is against Islamic law, repulsive jokes between men and women on television or radio is also prohibited  [vii]  No Magazine has the right to publish a womans face on the cover and using plastic woman models with head (even with hijab) in clothing shops is forbidden. In this cultural context a new reality has emerged in Iran, a reality created by women. The Iranian women are playing an instrumental role in the grassroots challenge to the Islamic Republic through their deconstruction of the hijab and their direct challenge of the states body politics. Challenging the Islamic dress code, they use the everyday life as the site for gaining rights and respect from the society and the state. They demand the right to live as free women. Humiliated, assaulted, and arrested randomly for being women, they have gained resilience, lost the ir fears of confronting the state, and battled the repressive social and cultural Islamic codes of conduct. Using deviance as a weapon, they are creating a reality unimagined by the architects of the Islamic Republic. Naomi Wolf in her book beauty myth has the similar idea as Levi and argues that Women should be able to adorn themselves with pretty objects when there is no question that we are not objects. She believes that they cannot be free of the beauty myth unless they can choose to use their faces and clothes and bodies as one form of self-expression out of a full range of others. She claims that public interest in a womans virginity has been replaced by public interest in the shape of her body (1991). We cannot ignore that Iranian women still live in a society that virginity is more than a public interest; it is a religious and legal rule. The rule that has been ignored by these women using solutions such as Hymenoplasty  [viii]  and this is a surprisingly hot topic in Iran. It is of vital importance to consider if any great theory which we believe in is applicable in other contexts. Wearing make-up and cosmetic surgery is kind of self-expression for Iranian woman, a self who express it self standing against the fundamental laws of ignoring her. It is a kind of resistance against the discourse of fundamentalism. Hence, Body and sexuality is the battlefield of first and third groups. Two secular groups which must be united in opposition with fundamentalism that does not believe in basic rights for women, while both these groups to some extent believe in equal rights for men and women. The ironic side of this battle is that how secular Marxist feminism and Islamist feminism with two different approaches to women issue; blame the third group which is the main potential force of fighting patriarchy, to objectification of women or in their word for acting like dolls. It is true that strong roots of tradition still exist in the third group. They do not identify themselves as feminist because what they have learnt about feminism is women who try to work and wear like men; women who make them misunderstand feminism when there is not a long history of feminism in Iran to make the idea clear for them. Although they do not identify themselves as feminists they have almost same ideas with the new genera tion of feminists in west: the third generation or wave, which its life powerfully has shaped by popular culture, particularly music, television, film and literature as they believe to fight with women oppression. Media figures represent third wave icons in their tendency to refuse to adhere to a feminist party line, but also in their resistance to comply with the types of feminine behaviour deemed compatible with media and mainstream success. (Pilcher Whelehan; 2004) In other words these women as Genz and Brabon reveal are merging notions of personal empowerment with the visual display of sexuality. These women does not manipulate their appearance to get a man on the old terms but has ideas about her life and being in control which clearly come from feminism (2009; 93). Although these Iranian women do not identify themselves as feminist but their notions of sexual freedom come directly from the Iranian feminism that has fought for women freedom and equality during the last 100 year s.  [ix]   Secular feminism has two ways to walk in. The first is to stand against this group and blame them of objectifying their femininity and the other is to stand beside them to fight against fundamentalism which is the greater force of oppression for both groups than patriarchy. In the second solution I believe that Secular feminism should try to make other women familiar with basic notions of feminism such as economical independence and equal payments and other non-radical ideas that is bearable for a society in transition to modernity and not completely modern. Secular feminist must notice that Islam as an ideaology has a great power in the life of even most of secular women. Mohanty in her article on the problem of western feminism on theorizing women issues in developing coutries, referring to Modares, criticizes feminist writings which treat Islam as an ideology separate from and outside social relations and practices, rather than a discourse which includes rules for economic, social and power relations within society (1988; 70). Hence secular feminism which is affected by the west must look over the feminism history and experiences in the west and try to match them with the cultural context of Iran. I do not believe that feminism in Iran and west has to go to the same way. Although the third wave feminism is an idea that comes after the long history of first and second wave feminism in west, the Idea of sexual power that this generation emerge is the fact that young women in Iran practice against the government every day. This practices influence is obvious by the number of morality polices that the government use to control these women. Hence, post feminism is a perspective that worth applying not only imagined as a chronological distinction between second and third wave feminism in the cultural context of Iran. This attitude in Iran must not consider as backlash but as a conjunct to the first group to be influent in Iran. Secular feminism has to satisfy thes e women who object feminist theories which failed to address their problems. Conclusion: In this essay I distinguished three groups of women who can be helpful to reach equality and freedom from oppression in the current cultural context of urban middle class women in Iran. The conjunction between secular feminists and Islamist feminists who try to find liberation through the organized movement for constitution amendment and consciousness rising is traceable. I see this trend as the most relevant perspective for Iranian society that benefits both urban and rural communities in Iran. In the second part I tried to criticize the orthodox Marxism that has a deep root in the history of Iranian intellectualism and its influence on secular feminism in Iran as well. I think that this trend will lead to a separation between secular feminist and secular women who both are fighting against the fundamentalism in Iran. Secular feminism, using the postfeminist notion of sexual power can analyze the practice of these women instead of blaming them to objectifying their sexuality. If fem inists look at postfeminism as a turn to cultural differences and not as a chronological event in the west, they can move on faster and easier in the way of freedom from fundamentalism and patriarchy as well. Notes:

John Muir :: essays research papers

The story takes place at Yosemite National Park from 1838-1914. John Muir was a botanist, geologist, and writer. He had overcome earthquakes, glaciers, and he climbs mountains. John Muir had impressed by overcoming all the dangers like animals. He was an expert on wilderness. He knows survival skills to stay alive. He studies nature and he writes about nature. He made a national park system as well as the Sierra Club. He knew that the Native Americans called the place "Pohono," or spirit of the puffing wind. At first he called it a "dainty little fall...only about fifteen or twenty feet high." John laughed after discovering that Bridalveil Fall drops 620 feet. He writes all kinds of quotes about nature, for example: "I am captive, I am bound. Love of pure unblemished Nature seems to overmaster and blur out of sight all other objects and considerations." John works in his "scribble den." John had two brothers and five sisters and their names are: Margaret, Sarah, David, Dan, Mary, Annie, and Joanna. For several years, he had toyed with writing up his findings for publication. Jeanne Carr was the one that encouraged him. She even suggested titles and copied his notes. John decided to send an article to the New York Tribune. To his surprise, the newspaper published "Yosemite Glaciers" on December 5, 1871, and paid him $200, that was a lot of money back then. On New Year’s Day in 1872, the same newspaper printed "Yosemite in Winter." John thought that he might be able to earn his living by writing, what he called "pen work." He stayed in his cabin for the winter and wrote it.

Analysis of whether or not Transcendentalism is relevant to modern-day society Essay

Some aspects of Transcendentalism can be applied in today’s society, while others have lost their relevance due to the changes of social and economic conditions since the time of Thoreau. The Transcendentalists’ goal was to create a Utopia in America. They believed in a society without rules in which you would be free to do whatever you wanted as long as it did not infringe on the freedom or well-being of others. The concept of what is a Utopia is different for every person. In today’s densely populated countries it appears almost impossible to do anything that does not affect or infringe upon someone else. The Transcendentalists also believed in the Jeffersonian philosophy that each generation should only be concerned with itself and its own well-being, which would assure a solid foundation for the next generation. I think this would not work in today’s society because there are many things we could do to help our generation but would make later generations pay a price. An example of this would be providing jobs for a strip-mining project to help the current generation’s economy, while it destroys the environment for later generations. Transcendentalist beliefs of adding onto the previous generations’ efforts would not work if each generation, in helping itself, is destroying the Earth. The Transcendentalists also believed that one should live simply, with few material possessions. To explain this point, we consider how much the sheer volume of material possessions has changed over the years. When cave men roamed the earth, an elaborate material possession might have been a wood club studded with rocks, or an especially beautiful loincloth. In the 1800s, an automobile was a possession of great material value. Thoreau had a small house, 3 chairs, a desk, 2 suits, and a few books. He was able to sustain himself by growing his own food in the surrounding area. The concept of what is considered necessary for a comfortable life has changed vastly since Thoreau’s time. While all he needed was a roof over his head and a patch of land and a few seeds, most people in today’s society must have a â€Å"job† and get paid to buy shelter and food, energy, transportation, and all other modern necessities. In Thoreau’s time there were fewer people, so if someone wanted to, they could go out and live in the wilderness. Today, if someone wanted to live in the wilderness in a negotiable climate, it would be impossible because of the sheer amount of urban sprawl and the laws which are in place to protect the wilderness. As I examined the multiple points of Transcendentalism, I found that even in Thoreau’s time, it would be possible for someone to practice some of the aspects of Transcendentalism, while putting other aspects into practice would be nearly impossible. I think living in the true Transcendentalist lifestyle is neither feasible nor very beneficial. The true meaning of what Thoreau discovered while living at Walden Pond was to simplify your life and accept your place in the world. Here are some words from the man himself: â€Å"Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth. I sat at a table where were rich food and wine in abundance, and obsequious attendance, but sincerity and truth were not; and I went away hungry from the inhospitable board. † â€Å"However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The fault-finder will find faults even in paradise. Love your life, poor as it is. â€Å"

Gender Inequality - 1640 Words

Society today often only addresses one side of the gender inequality issue: the grievances of women. Feminists have fought against the ingrained tradition of women as housewives with no rights and being looked down upon as the lesser sex. The women’s rights movement in the United States has worked tirelessly since 1848 to fight for rights and break down gender barriers. Misogyny and gender constructs, such as the ideal of beauty, hold women back in various aspects of their lives as discussed in the articles â€Å"Marked Women† by Deborah Tannen and â€Å"A Woman’s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source† by Susan Sontag. Men are viewed as the dominant sex and in our patriarchal society, they have all the rights women do not get to enjoy. This gender gap†¦show more content†¦Not wearing makeup is an unmarked decision for men while for women, it will mark them differently in the eyes of others. Today, if a girl decides not to wear makeup to school, she is bombarded with questions like â€Å"Are you sick?† or â€Å"Are you tired?† Girls are then judged if they wear too much makeup, if they do not wear it correctly, if they do not wear enough, or if they choose to not wear it at all. Wearing makeup is used to determine whether a woman looks professional, put-together, or attractive, and if it is not worn women are marked to be without any of these characteristics. Women cannot stay unmarked since every action will define her character, even if it is negative or false definition. Not only is a woman’s appearance judged to reveal her character, but there is also an expected standard of beauty for women to maintain. In the essay â€Å"A Woman s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source,† Susan Sontag discusses how the ideal of beauty has now become a duty for woman. Women are judged into parts, and one part of a woman’s body can determine their beauty in the eyes of others. 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